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Executive Summary
The Portland Police Bureau does not provide officers with enough guidance on when to engage language resources and which resources are most helpful for communicating in different interactions with non-English speakers. We initiated this policy review based on complaints from community members about language barriers and officers inconsistently using language services. While the interactions described in these complaints did not always violate Bureau policy, public safety agencies are obligated to provide meaningful language access services and ensure community members have the ability to communicate effectively and be understood. We recommend that the Bureau revise its directive related to language access services and include guidance on which language resources to use in particular situations.
Ineffective communication erodes trust
The City of Portland’s most recent population analysis estimates that approximately one in 12 Portlanders are considered to have limited proficiency with the English language. The areas with higher concentrations of people with limited English proficiency are similar to the areas where the Police Bureau reports the most dispatched calls for service. Bilingual officers confirmed that their abilities are most commonly requested by the East precinct.
East Portland neighborhoods have highest proportions of individuals with limited English proficiency
Independent Police Review initiated this review based on complaints from community members about language barriers in their interactions with police. While the complaints did not always violate Bureau policy, they ran counter to good public safety practices and made community members feel unheard. Common themes across complaints included:
- Being denied a interpreter when requested;
- Miscommunications and confusion when officers use a person’s family member to interpret; and,
- Searches occurring without the informed consent of a community member.
Community members shared a range of impressions in a survey. Some believed officers were appropriate and professional, and when they tried to communicate through a mix of English and their native language, officers tried their best to understand. Other community members said it was difficult to secure someone to translate, too complicated to get the help they needed, and that officers were intimidating and displayed a lack of cultural sensitivity.
Even if officers try their best in these situations, the confusion or frustration a community member may feel after an interaction still matters. One negative interaction with a law enforcement officer can shape a person’s trust and experience of the entire justice system.
Bilingual officers fill some interpretation needs, but guidance is limited
Bilingual officers provide language support through an informal request process, but more guidance and structure is needed to ensure equitable service outcomes.
The current policy directs officers to first request a bilingual officer before trying other methods, such as an interpreter contracted to provide interpretation services or the Language Line application. Community members who have experienced working with bilingual officers expressed appreciation for their help, but the process has drawbacks.
Bilingual officers said the process for dispatching an officer for language assistance is often a request broadcast widely over the radio. Officers may respond to calls that would benefit from their language proficiencies, which can occur in a different precinct and patrol area, so long as they radio their sergeant for permission. While officers said sergeants generally have been supportive in those circumstances, it is up to the officers to figure out if they have the appropriate level of language proficiency to be useful to specific calls.
Officers converse in the community member’s preferred language and then give relevant information to the primary officer on the call. They do not typically write the reports for these calls but provide the content.
Officers said their language skills are best used in conversational settings and are not at the level of certified translators and interpreters. In highly technical or complicated cases, officers can convey the intent of a conversation but do not have the training to provide word for word interpretation on legal matters.
Bilingual officers expressed a desire to do what they can to help their communities, but there are a limited number of them and fewer for less common languages. Not only does this constrain the services that can be provided but relying on volunteer officers to traverse the city also adds to the amount of time a community member must wait for their issue to be addressed. Additionally, IPR received complaints that officers sometimes do not use a bilingual officer or any other translation methods, such as the language line, and do not give clear justification why they don’t. We identified three areas where officers need more guidance:
A clearer standard for a language service is needed
Directive 640.36 makes officers responsible to determine when someone needs language services to “access and/or understand important rights, obligations and services that have a nexus to the contact.” This standard is arbitrary as there are no unimportant rights, obligations, and services when it comes to the provision of public safety. The U.S. Department of Justice establishes that recipients of federal assistance must provide meaningful and equitable access to services so that outcomes are the same as for the English-speaking community. It should not be left to an officer’s discretion to determine a community member’s language proficiency.Prohibiting informal forms of interpretation and translation
Contrary to good public safety practices, current policy does not prohibit officers from using individuals or family members present during an interaction to translate. IPR has received complaints about confusion that arose from using a family member as an intermediary. It may be necessary to gather information in an emergency situation from an individual or family member willing to interpret, but formal methods of interpretation should be used in most circumstances.Clearer guidance on when it is appropriate to use a bilingual officer versus a certified interpreter or the language line
The bilingual officers employed by the Bureau do not receive incentive pay and are not legally certified translators or interpreters. While they enjoy serving their community and report they don’t need incentive pay to keep providing their services, there is no record of their proficiency levels which jeopardizes the utility of information they learn while translating. Some officers described their language ability as conversational and acknowledge there are many situations that require higher fluency or technical training. The burden of removing oneself from interpreting should not be on the volunteer officer and guidelines for when professional services are needed should be clearly defined.
Changes to policy are overdue
The U.S. Department of Justice’s Office for Civil Rights reviewed the Bureau’s language services and provided recommendations in 2016. The recommendations suggested the Bureau ensure full compliance with federal regulations, which require agencies that receive federal funding to provide meaningful and equitable access to services so that outcomes are the same as for English-speaking communities. Many of the gaps identified by the Office for Civil Rights in 2016 are still present in current Bureau policy.
The directive that governs services for people with limited English proficiency also covers people with hearing impairments. The direction provided in the directive on when and how to use language services is limited and reliant on officer discretion. Although different language service methods are defined, the standards for using those methods are inconsistent with federal guidelines, and inefficient methods, such as using family members to translate, are not explicitly prohibited.
The Bureau said it is revising this directive and separating it from hearing impairment to address the unique needs of the different populations. Bureau policy analysts are expanding the directive to formalize processes that some officers use and address the gaps preventing full compliance with federal regulations.
Although the changes recommended by the U.S. Department of Justice in 2016 were not mandatory, the City has since approved a resolution that requires the Bureau work to comply with federal regulations and improve language services. The City passed the Language Access resolution in November of 2020 which directs all bureaus to implement practices and standards devised by the Office of Equity and Human Rights to identify and remove language access barriers. This resolution elevates the priority of language access obligations for all City bureaus and mandates reasonable steps be taken to comply with federal regulations and best practices.
Recommendations
Adopt a policy that requires the regular assessment of the number of people with limited English proficiency in the Bureau’s service area,
Incorporate two new data collection fields in the Bureau’s mobile computing software that captures the preferred language of people encountered and the language assistance service provided,
In the Bureau’s report of the number of people with limited English proficiency in the service area, include and explain all available sources of language assistance, address how officers will be trained to use language resources, and a plan for notifying community members of available services, which documents will be available in different languages, and how the Bureau will monitor and update its plan to ensure continual effectiveness,
Provide a list of available bilingual officers to officers on patrol and chief detectives, including proficient language and shift worked and share the bilingual officer list with dispatch services,
Create an online portal that helps people file complaints related to language services and ensure precincts are stocked with copies of complaint forms in multiple languages,
Have a qualified language professional translate webpages or, at the minimum, review PPB webpages that are currently translated by software for inaccuracies.
Explore the feasibility of translating the criminal citation form into commonly encountered languages,
Explore the feasibility of translating the rights advisement form into commonly encountered languages,
Explore the feasibility of obtaining certification for bilingual officers, and
Incorporate language assistance training into annual in-service curriculum.
Appropriate use of family members and civilians as interpreters only in exigent circumstances,
Circumstances where it is necessary to use a certified professional interpreter instead of a bilingual officer,
Precise circumstances where language services are required to be used.
View the Police Bureau's response to our policy review
View the response to the policy review from Portland Police Chief Chuck Lovell.
Reference: What do other police departments do?
The San Francisco Police Department staffs a satellite office to serve residents who are uncomfortable going to a police station and do not speak English as a first language. They also have a webpage dedicated to language assistance services that tells community members what to expect and provides downloads of the information in multiple languages. Its brochures clearly state that family members won’t be used to translate unless there is an emergency.
The Seattle Police Department allows officers designated as qualified interpreters to forego additional responsibilities and directs officers to not use family members or bystanders as translators. Seattle also created liaison positions to work directly with under-represented populations and tries to recruit and hire officers from immigrant communities by providing tutoring for written exams and financial education for assistance with repairing or improving credit.
The Oklahoma City Police Department has a bilingual unit made up of officers who pass a language proficiency test and receive incentive pay based on proficiency. This unit provides translators and interpreters for routine calls and builds relationships with non-English speaking communities.